List of important issues for UPSC Interviews-
1. Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability and impact on states
2. State funding of elections and electoral bonds-Political funding
3. transformative constitutionalism-i.e. Social Revolution and Transformation
4. Rat hole mining and rescue operation for workers trapped in a collapsed tunnel
5. Multiple issues around governor- Click here
6. Issue of climate finance- OECD report on climate finance and COP 29- Click here
7. What are the systemic changes that 26/11 terror attacks induced?
8. 🅾️Four dimensions of IR- MUST READ article
9. The India Justice Report 2022 ( Issues did not change much even now)
10. ⚠️State Size Paradox: India, with a vast bureaucracy, struggles to perform effectively, mirroring both under and over-staffed issues in its public sector
1. Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability and impact on states
2. State funding of elections and electoral bonds-Political funding
3. transformative constitutionalism-i.e. Social Revolution and Transformation
4. Rat hole mining and rescue operation for workers trapped in a collapsed tunnel
5. Multiple issues around governor- Click here
6. Issue of climate finance- OECD report on climate finance and COP 29- Click here
7. What are the systemic changes that 26/11 terror attacks induced?
8. 🅾️Four dimensions of IR- MUST READ article
9. The India Justice Report 2022 ( Issues did not change much even now)
10. ⚠️State Size Paradox: India, with a vast bureaucracy, struggles to perform effectively, mirroring both under and over-staffed issues in its public sector
✅Gs3- Climate change- Carbon markets- in Agriculture- Agri-carbon market
🅾️What are carbon markets and mechanisms under Kyoto protocol?- Read them from environment basic textbooks - also read this - Click here
☝️This topic comes under the broader umbrella term of Climate finance- Click here
⚠️Articles like these are rare because they are backed by field studies and are written by experts!
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🅾️What are carbon markets and mechanisms under Kyoto protocol?- Read them from environment basic textbooks - also read this - Click here
☝️This topic comes under the broader umbrella term of Climate finance- Click here
⚠️Articles like these are rare because they are backed by field studies and are written by experts!
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Internal security
🅾️What are the challenges posed by telecommunication infra to internal security- example of starlink alleged use by manipur militants
🅾️Also read- New Interception Rules (Telecommunications Procedures and Safeguards, 2024- What are the legal routes for creating a surveillance state?- Read about it here
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🅾️What are the challenges posed by telecommunication infra to internal security- example of starlink alleged use by manipur militants
🅾️Also read- New Interception Rules (Telecommunications Procedures and Safeguards, 2024- What are the legal routes for creating a surveillance state?- Read about it here
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✅Gs-3 : Conservation- State of forest report- ISFR 2023- Biennial update by Forest survey of India
🅾️Important point raised here - While India's green cover is growing on paper, it is often at the cost of natural dense forests, which are irreplaceable for biodiversity, carbon storage, and ecological balance. This kind of growth is like replacing a healthy, diverse garden with a single crop field—it might look green, but it’s far less useful and sustainable in the long run.
⚠️Why is it said so?- Because Many of the new "forests" counted in the report are plantations, which are man-made areas with trees of the same age and species-Vulnerable to pests, fires, and diseases because of their lack of diversity.In fact, India has lost a large area of natural dense forests
🚫Natural forests store a lot more carbon in their trees and soil. Plantations store much less carbon and are often harvested quickly.
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🅾️Important point raised here - While India's green cover is growing on paper, it is often at the cost of natural dense forests, which are irreplaceable for biodiversity, carbon storage, and ecological balance. This kind of growth is like replacing a healthy, diverse garden with a single crop field—it might look green, but it’s far less useful and sustainable in the long run.
⚠️Why is it said so?- Because Many of the new "forests" counted in the report are plantations, which are man-made areas with trees of the same age and species-Vulnerable to pests, fires, and diseases because of their lack of diversity.In fact, India has lost a large area of natural dense forests
🚫Natural forests store a lot more carbon in their trees and soil. Plantations store much less carbon and are often harvested quickly.
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✅GS1 : Geography- river systems- Ken Betwa river linking
🅾️This is an old issue : A part of the- National Perspective Plan (NNP) for water resources development - Click here
⚠️Takeaway :
🅾️Role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in water resources management : Central Water Commission (CWC) came into existence as “Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission” (CWINC) in 1945 which was established on the advice of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Member (Labour) in the then Viceroy’s Executive Council. Supported river-based geographical development, which aligns with Ken-Betwa’s regional focus.
🅾️Prelims : Permissions required for clearance of River linking
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🅾️This is an old issue : A part of the- National Perspective Plan (NNP) for water resources development - Click here
⚠️Takeaway :
🅾️Role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in water resources management : Central Water Commission (CWC) came into existence as “Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission” (CWINC) in 1945 which was established on the advice of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Member (Labour) in the then Viceroy’s Executive Council. Supported river-based geographical development, which aligns with Ken-Betwa’s regional focus.
🅾️Prelims : Permissions required for clearance of River linking
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Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to life - Does it include Right to die?
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Right to life debates- Should Assisted Dying Be Legalised?
🅾️The debate stems from the moral, ethical, and legal questions surrounding an individual's right to end their life in the case of terminal illnesses or unbearable suffering.
🔰India’s Legal Position: Supreme Court Rulings:
⚜️Passive Euthanasia legalized under strict conditions (2018, Common Cause vs. Union of India).Patients can refuse life-prolonging treatments, provided a Judicial Magistrate oversees the process.
⚜️Key Safeguards- Living wills, medical board approvals, and protection against misuse are mandated.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Right to life debates- Should Assisted Dying Be Legalised?
🅾️The debate stems from the moral, ethical, and legal questions surrounding an individual's right to end their life in the case of terminal illnesses or unbearable suffering.
🔰India’s Legal Position: Supreme Court Rulings:
⚜️Passive Euthanasia legalized under strict conditions (2018, Common Cause vs. Union of India).Patients can refuse life-prolonging treatments, provided a Judicial Magistrate oversees the process.
⚜️Key Safeguards- Living wills, medical board approvals, and protection against misuse are mandated.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
✅Gs-3: Economics of animal rearing- Fisheries
🅾️Need of the hour?= More professionalism and organised activity in Animal Husbandry sector
🅾️Read about these- PMMSY- Important for interviews(for students from coastal states)- Click here
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🅾️Need of the hour?= More professionalism and organised activity in Animal Husbandry sector
🅾️Read about these- PMMSY- Important for interviews(for students from coastal states)- Click here
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✅GS-2: social issues- Health- Trends for 2025
🅾️Immunotherapy and personalized cancer treatment- How does NexCAR19 work?- CLick here
🅾️Weight-loss drugs: Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for weight management.
🅾️HPV Shot in India: Launch of vaccines to reduce cervical cancer prevalence among women in India
🅾️Alzheimer’s treatments: Progress in understanding the disease and potential drugs targeting brain health and memory retention.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Immunotherapy and personalized cancer treatment- How does NexCAR19 work?- CLick here
🅾️Weight-loss drugs: Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for weight management.
🅾️HPV Shot in India: Launch of vaccines to reduce cervical cancer prevalence among women in India
🅾️Alzheimer’s treatments: Progress in understanding the disease and potential drugs targeting brain health and memory retention.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : Indian society- Caste as a salient feature of Indian society
✅Gs-2 : Education- Caste discrimination in Education-Equal access is a fundamental right (Article 21A). However, recent studies highlights how rising tuition fees and insufficient financial aid disproportionately affect Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
🔰The principles we should abide by while dealing with caste in the education sphere are :
⚜️Economic Justice: Ensuring affordability of education is vital for realizing Article 46 (promotion of educational and economic interests of SC/ST and weaker sections).
⚜️Meritocracy vs. Equity: Rising costs reinforce exclusion, undermining the constitutional promise of equality of opportunity.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Education- Caste discrimination in Education-Equal access is a fundamental right (Article 21A). However, recent studies highlights how rising tuition fees and insufficient financial aid disproportionately affect Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
🔰The principles we should abide by while dealing with caste in the education sphere are :
⚜️Economic Justice: Ensuring affordability of education is vital for realizing Article 46 (promotion of educational and economic interests of SC/ST and weaker sections).
⚜️Meritocracy vs. Equity: Rising costs reinforce exclusion, undermining the constitutional promise of equality of opportunity.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
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✅Gs-2 : IR-Foreign policy challenges for India
🅾️What are the foreign policy challenges that India might face in 2025.
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🅾️What are the foreign policy challenges that India might face in 2025.
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✅Gs-3 : Environment- COP summits - the problems that we have to deal with in the future- 2nd part of IPCC report- India's transition to a net-zero economy
🔰Imp aspects :
⚜️1. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy through sustainable infrastructure and policies.
⚜️2. The role of taxes, subsidies, and externalities in driving this transition.
⚜️3. Challenges like resource security, fiscal constraints, and governance.
⚜️4. Advocating for differentiated climate action based on historical responsibility and promoting climate justice.
⚜️5. Encouraging reforms in public finance, renewable energy, and green infrastructure to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.
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🔰Imp aspects :
⚜️1. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy through sustainable infrastructure and policies.
⚜️2. The role of taxes, subsidies, and externalities in driving this transition.
⚜️3. Challenges like resource security, fiscal constraints, and governance.
⚜️4. Advocating for differentiated climate action based on historical responsibility and promoting climate justice.
⚜️5. Encouraging reforms in public finance, renewable energy, and green infrastructure to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.
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Forwarded from VK IAS - UPSC interviews
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- AI
🅾️Practical use cases of AI - predictions for 2025- This article is important for interview candidates.
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🅾️Practical use cases of AI - predictions for 2025- This article is important for interview candidates.
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✅Gs-2 : Governance- Accountability- Judicial accountability
🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
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🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
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image_2024-12-30_10-09-55.png
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✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology- Space- ISRO -PSLV C60/SpaDeX mission.
🅾️ The mission will demonstrate a space docking experiment .
🅾️Spadex- We already discussed about it here in the prelims perspective- Click here and read
🔰Practical takeaways : This is a major technology that will help in future space missions, like building space stations, repairing satellites, or even sending astronauts to space in a safer way. If this experiment works, India will be one of the few countries that can do space docking- ISRO will send two satellites into space, and one will chase the other. They’ll test if they can move close to each other and dock, or stay in a fixed position without crashing. If this works, India can plan bigger missions like building a space station or going to the moon, which could lead to more opportunities for the country in space exploration.
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🅾️ The mission will demonstrate a space docking experiment .
🅾️Spadex- We already discussed about it here in the prelims perspective- Click here and read
🔰Practical takeaways : This is a major technology that will help in future space missions, like building space stations, repairing satellites, or even sending astronauts to space in a safer way. If this experiment works, India will be one of the few countries that can do space docking- ISRO will send two satellites into space, and one will chase the other. They’ll test if they can move close to each other and dock, or stay in a fixed position without crashing. If this works, India can plan bigger missions like building a space station or going to the moon, which could lead to more opportunities for the country in space exploration.
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✅Gs-2 : IR- India- China
🅾️Tsangpo- Dam issue : Largest of its kind the world- The 1997 UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses emphasizes equitable utilization and cooperation. However, China is not a signatory, making enforcement difficult.
🅾️China's upstream projects on rivers like the Mekong have led to similar concerns of environmental degradation and unequal water distribution, setting a worrying precedent.
⚠️India has raised objections regarding the lack of consultation on upstream projects and their potential impact on Indian territory. The project could lead to strategic vulnerabilities for India, especially in Northeast India, where the Brahmaputra is a lifeline.
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🅾️Tsangpo- Dam issue : Largest of its kind the world- The 1997 UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses emphasizes equitable utilization and cooperation. However, China is not a signatory, making enforcement difficult.
🅾️China's upstream projects on rivers like the Mekong have led to similar concerns of environmental degradation and unequal water distribution, setting a worrying precedent.
⚠️India has raised objections regarding the lack of consultation on upstream projects and their potential impact on Indian territory. The project could lead to strategic vulnerabilities for India, especially in Northeast India, where the Brahmaputra is a lifeline.
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to Education
🅾️The no-detention policy, introduced under the RTE Act, 2009, aimed to ensure universal access to education and reduce dropouts by promoting all students from Classes 1 to 8, irrespective of their academic performance. The recent amendment to the Act, however, allows schools to detain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet promotion criteria even after a re-examination.
🅾️Why did they change?- The actual objective was to ensure a stress-free learning environment, discourage rote learning, and encourage holistic education- that is being compromised- Surveys such as the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) indicate poor foundational skills. For example, only 42.8% of Class 5 students could read a Class 2-level text in 2022, a drop from 50.5% in 2018.
Similar trends were observed in mathematics and basic comprehension skills.
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🅾️The no-detention policy, introduced under the RTE Act, 2009, aimed to ensure universal access to education and reduce dropouts by promoting all students from Classes 1 to 8, irrespective of their academic performance. The recent amendment to the Act, however, allows schools to detain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet promotion criteria even after a re-examination.
🅾️Why did they change?- The actual objective was to ensure a stress-free learning environment, discourage rote learning, and encourage holistic education- that is being compromised- Surveys such as the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) indicate poor foundational skills. For example, only 42.8% of Class 5 students could read a Class 2-level text in 2022, a drop from 50.5% in 2018.
Similar trends were observed in mathematics and basic comprehension skills.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Judiciary
🅾️ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Justice H.R. Khanna dissented, holding that Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a national emergency. His dissent later influenced constitutional amendments strengthening fundamental rights.
🅾️P.V. Narasimha Rao Case (1998): Justice Hegde dissented by questioning whether bribes paid to Members of Parliament could be protected under parliamentary privileges.
✅Social Dissent
🅾️Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): On the issue of triple talaq, Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority's ruling striking down triple talaq as unconstitutional. They reasoned that it was a matter of religious freedom under Article 25.
🅾️Aishat Shifa v. Karnataka (2022):
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🅾️ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Justice H.R. Khanna dissented, holding that Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a national emergency. His dissent later influenced constitutional amendments strengthening fundamental rights.
🅾️P.V. Narasimha Rao Case (1998): Justice Hegde dissented by questioning whether bribes paid to Members of Parliament could be protected under parliamentary privileges.
✅Social Dissent
🅾️Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): On the issue of triple talaq, Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority's ruling striking down triple talaq as unconstitutional. They reasoned that it was a matter of religious freedom under Article 25.
🅾️Aishat Shifa v. Karnataka (2022):
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✅Gs-3 : Conservation- State of forest report- ISFR 2023- Biennial update by Forest survey of India
🔰Issue : We discussed it here- Click here
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🔰Issue : We discussed it here- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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